Essay on Human Behaviour and Social Norms - 1593 Words

Running head: HUMAN BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIAL NORMS Do social norms influence human behaviour? Human behaviour is the response to given stimuli, which are socially and environmentally affected. This response is something that can easily be influenced and shaped through many personal, situational, social, biological, mental factors. In this essay the case of social norms influencing human behaviour will be analyzed using previous studies. Social norms are part of a larger influential scale generally named as social influence. Social influence is the exercise of power that an individual or a group can use on other individuals or society in order to alter their attitudes, behaviours and lead them to a desired†¦show more content†¦Group size is important because as Asch (1955) found, the larger the group, the bigger the phenomenon of conformity due to social norms. Group cohesiveness makes the group to have greater bonds due to similarity and ability to easily show empathy to each other (Christensen et al., 2004) and social support is noticed to groups with higher levels of cohesiveness and bonding. On the other hand, there are personal factors affecting the type of conformity such as self-awareness (ability to understand own self), self-presentation (try to present ideal self in order to conform), personal control (desire to feel that one has control, as a human right, over particular situations) and gender (gender differences- women are more likely to conform) (Franzoi, 2009). Based on all the previously referred material, conformity is totally driven by social norms, norms that are not written but sometimes are more powerful than law; the way that a person conforms to society affects the level and type of his compliance to society’s requests. For example, if a person has as personal characteristic not to like altering his self-image/ presentation based on society’s preferences due to his intense belief in independence, it is possible that this person will comply more difficult because of external motivation instead of internal. On the other hand, this means that if a person has an internal compliance only to smile to people who knows and not toShow MoreRelated Social Norms1709 Words   |  7 PagesDeviance is a title that insinuates the violation of social norms in society. This can be described as adjacent to criminal and improper behaviour imposed by the people who break the social norms of a society. Thus, becoming subjective to a label of deviant. Deviants often have punishment bestowed upon them by authoritive figures such as the enforcers of law. There are many universal types of deviance throughout societys over the world such as alcoholism, addiction, mental illness and homosexualityRead MoreNo Behaviour Is ‘Really’ Altruistic. Based on Theory and Research in Social Psychology, Critically Discuss This Contention.1260 Words   |  6 Pageshelping behaviour, and refers to an act that is motivated by the desire to benefit another rather than oneself (Batson Coke, 1981; Berkowitz, 1970, cited in Hogg Vaughan, 2005). The main issue with determining whether a helping act is truly altruistic is one of motivation; if we cannot determine whether an act stems from a desire to benefit others or some kind of ulterior motive, altruism is difficult to demonstrate (Rushton Sorrentino, 1981, cited in Hogg Vaughan, 2005). This essay will firstlyRead MoreEssay on Altruism1083 Words   |  5 PagesWhy do we show altruism? Social and evolutionary biologists, psychologists, economists and philosophers alike have made many attempts at providing an explanation for altruism. As a result, many opposing theories have developed over the years. In this essay, I will attempt to explain altruism as the presence of an altruistic gene which is selected for by natural selection in terms of kin selection. I will explore evidence supporting this theory, as well as evidence pointing to psychological explanationsRead MorePsychological Perspectives On Studying Juvenile Delinquency And Disorder Behavior1642 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will compare and contrast some psychological and sociological approaches to studying juvenile delinquency and disorder behaviour. The question is what makes people behave disorderly. Youth disorderly behaviours are studied using different approaches including psychological and sociological approaches. Both psychological and sociological approaches to studying juvenile d elinquency are necessary. This essay starts with outlining and defining disorderly behaviour and juvenile delinquencyRead MoreSocial Control And Social Influence1728 Words   |  7 PagesSocial control is â€Å"the attempt of society to regulate the thinking and behaviour of people† (Macionis, 2004, p. 260). It is further understood as any action that ‘‘defines and responds to deviant behaviour’’ (Black, 1976). It is a term used to describe the methods or ways used to regulate individuals or groups of people behave or act to accept and conform to society through rules, laws and norms (Black, 1976). The concept of social control can be simply understood as perceived pressure that a personRead MoreThe Psychological Influences On Health And Wellbeing Of Exercise1521 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Throughout this essay, I will be discussing the psychological influences and the social factors related to health and wellbeing of exercise. The Health Belief Model of behaviour has rival influences that are balanced and decided upon the individual themselves (Ajzen 1985, 1991 ; Ajzen and Madden 1986). Therefore an individual’s perception about their weight and the stress that comes with it shows that they are unhealthy and this can prevent them to be motivated and exercise daily. ThereRead MoreDetemination of Behavior Essay738 Words   |  3 Pages This essay aims to look into the evidence regarding the above statement and to come to a conclusion whether culture really does determine our behaviour. Before we can fully understand the statement we must understand what some of the terms mean. Culture There is no one definition of the word culture. It has many meanings and values. It does not just mean the arts but it also means all learned behaviour. Sociologists define cultureRead MoreExplain the Importance of Socialisation as a Process Within Society.1012 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the importance of socialisation as a process within society. In this essay, i will examine the importance of socialisation as a process with in society. Socialisation is the process a human being will go through to make them who they are. They will learn about different types of cultures, norms and fashions, all of these they will take on throughout their life. Nature vs nurture has a great role in this, and, personally, I believe that nurture makes the largest amount of impact. SocialisationRead MoreCultural Studies: What is Subjectivity? Essays1126 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause people’s surroundings and influences change which leads to there opinions to change also. Richard Schechner states that performances are made of â€Å"twice-behaved behaviours† which means restored behaviours that become so natural to people that it is like a routine for them. Erving Goffman came up with the restored behaviours theory. Goffman defines performance as â€Å"all the activity of an individual which occurs during a period marked by his continuous presence before a particular set of observersRead MoreSociology Functionalism and Symbolic Interaction1494 Words   |  6 Pagessimilarities and differences of Functionalism and Symbolic Interaction. Sociologists analyse social phenomena at different levels and from different perspectives. From concrete interpretations to sweeping generalizations of society and social behaviour, sociologists study everything from specific events, the micro level of analysis of small social patterns, to the big picture, the macro level of analysis of large social patterns. Sociologists today employ three primary theoretical perspectives: the symbolic

The Acceptance of Homosexuality in South Africa Essay

The Acceptance of Homosexuality in South Africa For hundreds of years South Africa has endured a constant power struggle, oppression under the apartheid government, the AIDS epidemic and homophobia. Internationally there are currently four countries that permit same-sex marriages, which include the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium and Canada. Even though homosexuality remains largely taboo in South Africa, the country is taking steps towards overall equality and improved human rights allowing such unions to take place where this lifestyle was once forbidden. In modern day Africa homosexuality is illegal for gay men in 29 countries and for lesbians in 20 countries making homophobia a widespread epidemic. This legal status of homosexuals in†¦show more content†¦This same visibility is seen today in the United States growing more and more. You can see same-sex coupes holding hands in public and displaying the rainbow flag in plain view to show their pride and in some to confront the stereotypes against gay people in Africa. The increasing visibility of same-sex couples and the increased visibility of homosexuality did not necessarily mean more gay men and women were coming out. For an African coming out is a continual process because it involves additional cultural and social factors that play a major role. The process is more difficult because the African family structure in much more connected than that in the United States. If something affects one person in a family it affects everyone. Coming out deals with homophobic churches, strong family foundations and ties that emphasize heterosexuality, and the overall negative connotation associated with the GLBT community. In the African community your stance on homosexuality is influenced by the church, you either do not talk about it or you condemn it completely. In 2004 Africas Anglican archbishops vowed not to accept any donations from Western churches that support the ordination of gay priests. Even though most churches in Africa depend on this funding from the West they continue to deny assistance. To be gay and black in Africa often means that you must step into and out of the closet depending on the social andShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review Gay Marriage around the world is something of a controversial topic. Everyone900 Words   |  4 Pagesexactly the matter should be addressed. Some countries have made it illegal to practice homosexuality; some even consider it punishable by death. But what do Christians around the world and specifically in South Africa think about it? Andrew Sullivan discusses the fact that younger people during our time period find homosexuality more acceptable than the older generation. This falls under the theme of general acceptance levels of gay rights, based on age or gender and shows the results according to aRead MoreLgbt Views On Lgbt Rights Movement Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesStates. The movement aims to bring equality and acceptance on all platforms of life to those who identify as LGBT. Whether it be in the workplace, in school, or even in church, LGBT individuals have historically been discriminated against across the globe. While the overt and systemic discrimination against those who identify as LGBT has subsided significantly over the years in a few regions such as the United States, the entire continent of Africa continues to struggle. The systemic complexitiesRead MoreSymbolic Interactionism : Homosexuality As A Society1526 Words   |  7 PagesSymbolic Interactionism: Homosexuality As a society, we feed off of each other for what a proper response to something may be. 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Homosexuality in native Africa was quite prevalent, even if it was often repressed by Roman Catholic explorers who came across these behaviorsRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Has Become Legal And The View On Lgbtq Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pagesbehaviors were typically seen in a negative light. Sometimes even punished due to laws that were in place at the time, sodomy laws. Somewhere in the 1920s people began to assume that homosexuality could be changed through psychology. This movement was so popular at the time that even Freud stated that homosexuality could sometimes be removed through hypnotic suggestion. However, this fact was disproven by United States Surgeon General David Satcher in a report, â€Å"there is no valid scientific evidenceRead MoreEssay on HIV/AIDS and Modern Medical Inventions1399 Words   |  6 Pagespercent of human beings. Nowadays, besides other d eadly diseases, HIV/AIDS becomes more complex and crucial health issue that challenges several medical inventions. Several contributors cause this deadly virus and disease such as promiscuity, homosexuality, female circumcision, sugar daddies, sexual crime, rape, prostitution, cultural practices, misconception, ignorance and denial, and increase in mobility and industrialization. If there is a problem, then there will always be a solution. HoweverRead MoreBeing Appreciated And Being Welcomed By People1303 Words   |  6 Pagesorder to live life the way we do. Without love, we as people wouldn’t be able to function properly in our lives and our lives would be meaningless. Another thing that we need is acceptance and once again we search for it all the time. We are always wanting to be accepted for whatever we do and whatever we choose. Our acceptance is a way of being appreciated and being welcomed by people. You can want to be accepted for the clothes you wear, the hairstyl e you get, the color of your skin or the shape ofRead MoreDigging Deep: Homosexuality Revealed Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pages Did you know that homosexuality is not a mental or emotional disorder? Homosexuality has become quite a controversial topics amongst our society. Most people who realize they are homosexual are too scared to admit to the public who they really are. Then you have others who are openly confident about their sexuality as gay or lesbian. This issue has become more and more talked about and has developed multiple media acknowledgements. Homosexuality can be broken down into several different views. ForRead MoreTaboo of Homosexuality and Same Sex Marriage4375 Words   |  18 PagesABSTRACT Homosexuality and same sex marriage is one of the serious issue in our society. This essay summarize whether homosexuality and same sex marriage is still considered as a taboo or not. Taboo is any human behaviour that is normal for him/her but may not be for other. Hence, we could recognise taboo only at the time when we encounter other opposing our behaviour. Every society differs in its point of view regarding any sort of Taboo-defying behaviour. Hence homosexuality and same sex marriageRead MoreSexual Orientation3686 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction Homosexuality is defined or characterized as attraction towards the same gender either male or female. It came from the Greek language, where â€Å"homo† means the same or similar, hence referring to the attraction between two beings of the same sex. Homosexuality is also referred as a clinical term. Most male homosexuals generally prefer to be called gay men and most homosexual women generally prefer to be called lesbians. Homosexuality is one of the three main categories of sexual

Aaron Copland essay free essay sample

Ana Parietal, Joel Parietal, Christina Shapiro November 19, 2012 Professor Jenkins Aaron Copeland Music has shaped the world since It originated and It keeps developing to Inspire people. The Twentieth Century music was In the time frame of 1 900 through 2009. Every musical period in time has some influences that help develop the unique styles of this era. Aaron Copeland was an intelligent individual of this time. He participated in musical works from 1900 to 1990. Aaron Copeland was known as the American Composer because his works were simply the American sound.Sopranos velveteen as the iconic American fugue was emerged from his life background, the time eras events, and his cultural context of his music. Aaron Copeland was the Iconic American Composer who lived a bachelor life. He lived alone, as he had his whole life, a bachelor; he worked on a plank desk supported by a simple sawhorse (source 3). He was born on November 14, 1900 In Brooklyn, New York. HIS parents were Russian-Jewish immigrants and he was the brother of four siblings. HIS father, Harris Morris Copeland was an Immigrant who came to America when he was seventeen.HIS mother, Sarah Nineteenth, came to America with her family at the age f six, and Aaron was closest to his mother. After a year of training, he learned all he could through his sister Leeriness lessons. She had no more to teach him since she taught him everything she knew, so even though his parents were not supportive in his music, he still pursued to further his education for music. Ludwig Wolfish was his first real teacher and after three years with him he advanced to a European trained concert pianist, Victor Wittgenstein. He graduated from Boys High School in Brooklyn and while being there studied theory under Rubin Goldman, which only increased to further his desire for modern music. The turning point in his life came when he received and won a scholarship for the American Conservatory at Forgettable, France. He went to France and studied and was taught by Nadia Ballooner. Although he never received any typed of degree while In France, his three years studying there were more than equivalent.While studying with Nadia Ballooner, she had asked him to write an Organ Concerto for her American appearances when he returned to America, which he did (source 2). He returned to New York after three years in Paris, and after his return he was determined to achieve this American sound in his music. Copeland taught intermittently at Harvard University. For the year 1951, he was the instructor of Poetics (source 3). Copeland was enlisted to teach at Harvard, until he retired in the year of 1965. His remaining years of his life were spent In his three-acre estate located at Rockville near Hudson River In Westchester County.He Died on December 2, 1990. After his death, his estate became the headquarters of the Copeland Heritage Association through a program where a wide range of activities such as commissioning programs to concerts, recordings, and exoskeletons, help promote American music. Not only did Sopranos fife depict the style of composer he was, but also the Twentieth Centurys events. The sasss. A time of revolt was spreading through the people. Political issues were rising and these issues were reflecting upon the music of this time. (Article Lonnie). At this time, American sound was increasing in music.New generations of Americans seemingly wanted to create a patriotic feel to music because it was American. This can also be an influence due to the drastic events of this time. Despite the wars and depression, the emergence of the radio, television, and Internet brought a wider variety to music. Sources) It expanded the experiences of people. Aaron Copeland wanted to appeal to a broader audience during this century. (article). He did not want to Just appeal to what he called the music-loving public. Copeland wanted to reach out to a bigger audience. Therefore, he striver to reach people by his music with American sound.He wanted people to listen to his works and be able to say that the style American. The way Copeland wanted to achieve appealing to this broader audience was through the technological advances. He would do his best to be on the radio, to be at interviews, to do works that would get commissioned for. Source 2) In this way, his work was getting out there, and it was more accessible. The important emergence of Latin American composers was also developing. (articulation) One of the important Latin American composers is Carols Achieve (1899-1978). He was important in this time era and Copeland.Copeland visited Mexico in the sass where he met Achieve. Achieve along with the Latin American land inspired Copeland. Out of this experience, Copeland stated that he felt a connection with the land and people there. At this time, he created El Salon Mexico (1936), which is inspired by Latin American culture. Article 1) Other events occurring in the Twentieth Century were the changes of language in music. Since the Baroque era, more changes in the music language were found (book). A lot of new composers most likely wanted to experiment with different aspects to create different sounds for the public.Composers wanted to change the sound of the music and create something new. That of course was a success with some of the composers, including Aaron Copeland. Women also became more actively involved in music during this time. They would either be composers, musical educators, and or virtuoso soloists. Unlike previous musical periods when women were not as evolved in music, the Twentieth Century brought about this change. Among one of this list of well-recognized women, was Nadia Bluegrass Aaron Sopranos teacher for three years. (book).Influences to Copeland of the Twentieth Century were American Jazz, Igor Stravinsky Neoclassicism, and Arnold Schoenberg Twelve-Tone System. Copeland incorporated Jazz elements in his early works because he believed they were American. (book) He also incorporated Stravinsky and Schoenberg techniques to experiment with different sounds and tones. In that way he achieved a clarity sound to his music and changes in pitch. (book). Apart from his life history, and Twentieth Century events, the cultural context of his music also favored his American sound. Aaron Copeland throughout his lifetime developed several musical styles.Nadia Ballooner was a major influence (book). She was Sopranos instructor in Paris. She taught him to write many notes but to only keep the most important ones. Also, she encouraged him to be himself. After studying in Paris, Copeland returned to New York determined to create work that sounded American. In the sasss America did not really have a Copeland found the American sound through Jazz and American folk tale. The public did not recognize Sopranos American sound until later years. One of Copeland early works was Piano Variation, composed in the early sasss. This musical piece was one of Sopranos most difficult and boldest works he had ever composed. It took Copeland about a year to finish this musical piece. Piano Variations had a very dissonant sound that was made of a few notes (book). Copeland took the notes of the main theme and created different combinations of sounds and moods with those same notes. He stacks the notes of theme on top of one another to create a dissonant ladder(Video). Piano Variations was appreciated by many of Sopranos colleagues. At the time, this musical piece was considered very controversial and was not appreciated so much by the public. In the sasss, Copeland was considered a modernist composer (video). Piano Variations was influenced mainly by Jazz. After Copeland experimented with Jazz, he focused on the American folk tale music. It was not in America where Copeland first incorporated folk tale music. Copeland was first influenced by Mexican folk music. While in Mexico Copeland and his colleagues spent some time at a local dance hall called El Salon Mexico. In this dance hall Copeland heard the Mexican folk music by the people (video). It was that visit to Mexico that inspired Copeland to incorporated that Mexican folk music in his next piece El Salon Mexico 1936. As the first of Sopranos works to make extensive use of folk song, El Salon Mexico captures the spirit of the eponymous dance hall by quoting traditional Mexican tunes and evoking such popular musical idioms as the mariachi(article). El Salon Mexico was considered one of Sopranos populist works. Copeland further explained that El Salon Mexico was intended to capture his sense of a really live contact with the Mexican people-the electric sense one sometimes gets in far-off places, of suddenly knowing the essence of a people -their humanity, their separate shyness, their dignity and unique charm (article).One of Sopranos most famous works was Appalachian Spring (1944). He originally composed the piece for Martha Grahams ballet. Graham wanted to create a ballet that summed up peoples peace and war (video). During this time, our country was in the middle of World War II. The ballet concerns a pioneer celebration in spring around a newly built farmhouse in the Pennsylvania hills in the early 1800 (book). Appalachian Springs included Simple Gifts, which consisted of five variations (book).Copeland incorporated Shaker melody. The Shaker melody appealed to Copeland because it portrayed simplicity and also created a very calm mood. The Shakers were a religious sect established in America around the time of the Revolution (book). Among his other works there was also Fanfare for the Common Man. This musical piece was considered an American anthem. The Fanfare for the Common Man has men used for several occasions; one was to honor allied forces during WI (video). Aside from his numerous compositions, Copeland made many other contributions to American music by directing composers groups, organizing concerts, lecturing, written books and articles, teaching and conducting(book). All in all, Copeland was the iconic American composer because through his life, history, and style, he developed different aspects that emerged this significance of the American sound in his works. Although Copeland did not come from a family of The surrounding during his time era helped influence him to create his works accordingly.

Own Self Concepts free essay sample

Own Self Concepts SPC 2300 – 12 Own Self Concepts 1. Define one change you would like to make in yourself. It might be a behavior or anything about yourself that you would like to alter. * I would like to change one of my behaviors about myself. The worst quality about me is that I am always late no matter what the case may be. I am not late on purpose, but it seems like something always puts me behind schedule. It drives both my family and friends crazy. They have learned when I say I will be there in thirty minutes, to expect me in about an hour. This is a behavior of mine that I need to work on immediately. . Write a specific goal for making the change, being sure your goal is realistic and fair. Use affirming, motivational language in your goal. For example, â€Å"I will show my best friends that I am paying attention when they talk to me. We will write a custom essay sample on Own Self Concepts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † * This is something about myself I have needed to change for a long time. It is not something I do intentionally to drive my family and friends crazy. I need to become a little more time oriented, so that I can be where I say I am going to be, at a certain time. I will show my family and friends that I can be on time to their events. My first goal is to sit down with a calendar, and write down already known events and times. This way I will not schedule more than one event at a time. Next, by having a planner, I can add any new events that occur in future. I will be able to check available dates and make sure I have nothing already planned. Lastly, by sticking to my schedule and planning ahead it should reduce the amount of time I am late. I know I always have to expect the unexpected, but at least I have control over the already known about. 3. Observe or think of others who are models for what you want to be. Write down what they do. For example, â€Å"Tracy nods a lot and repeats back what others say so they know she is listening. † * A model person for me to observe and take tips from would be my mother. She will have a whole list of things to accomplish within her day, and gets them all done and on time. She has a monthly day planner that she carries with her at all times. She always makes sure to add important and upcoming events, as well as any of her daily to-dos to the planner. My mom also makes sure not to make more plans than she can fulfill within her day. It seems to work for my mom, so I don’t see why it wouldn’t work for me. . What context or setting is required for you to achieve your goal? For example, â€Å"I will talk with my friends in private, distraction-free settings. † * I will need to follow the schedule I set for myself and not let myself get distracted from my original plans. It might even be good for my family and friends to be a little bit stricter when it co mes to my tardiness. For the most part, this behavior is something I have to train myself on. No one else can do this for me. I have got to learn how to manage my time better, so that I will arrive at events when I am supposed to be there. . Identify potential barriers to the change. Some potential barriers that may cause some problems for my change will be the exact people who request the change of me. I will admit that I do control a lot of my tardiness, but not all of it is my fault. I will be on my way somewhere, when a friend asks me to do something for them. They promise it will only take five minutes. At that point, it is usually over an hour when they are done with me. I have got to learn to tell my family and friends no sometimes, in order to fulfill prior obligations.

Poverty in Canada.

Poverty in Canada. Poverty is a reality in Canada today. Despite having one of the higheststandards of living among all the developed nations, and despite being voted numerous times in recent years by the United Nations as the best country in the world in which to live, experts agree that poverty is prevalent in Canada today. Unfortunately, that is more or less where the agreement ends. Exactly how prevalent and how serious a problem poverty is in Canada is an open question that has been hotly debated for the last 10 years.There have been two times in the past 300 years when economic structural changes have occurred in the world that have been so massive and so far-reaching, that the impact on societies has been nothing short of monumental.The first time was in the Industrial Revolution which began in the early 1700s and caused massive societal transformations, especially in the western world, changing life from agrarian-based societies to industrial-based societies.POVERTYThe second time was in the ea rly 1980s with the beginning of the "Information Revolution." Today, a rapid, world-wide, economic transformation is taking place that is changing our societies from industrial-based societies to information-based societies, the 3rd wave.These changes are part of a greater phenomenon called "globalization" . The improvement in technology lead to a desire to make trades with other countries, and therefore allowing foreign companies to sell in Canada and thereby compete with Canadian companies, and vice versa ("Laisser faire, laisser passer" - Adam Smith).This increased competition lead to ever greater pressures on Canadian companies to reduce their costs of producing goods. Companies closed down and went looking in third world countries because labour is cheaper. At the same time, technology was replacing human labour; employees lost their jobs, being replaced by machines that could do the...

10th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas

10th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas 10th-grade science fair projects can be fairly advanced. By 10th grade, most students can identify a project idea on their own and can conduct the project and report on it without much assistance, but they can still seek help from parents and teachers. 10th-grade students can use the scientific method to make predictions about the world around them and to construct experiments to test their predictions. Environmental issues, green chemistry, genetics, classification, cells, and energy are all appropriate 10th-grade topic areas. 10th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas Test products for impurities. For example, you could compare the amount of lead in different brands of bottled water. If a label says a product does not contain a heavy metal, is the label accurate? Do you see any evidence of leaching of hazardous chemicals from plastic into water over time?Which sunless tanning product produces the most realistic-looking tan?Which brand of disposable contact lenses last the longest before a person decides to switch them out?Which brand of rechargeable batteries delivers charge the longest before needing to be recharged? Does the answer depend on the type of battery-operated device?Test the efficiency of different shapes of fan blades.Can you tell how much biodiversity is in a water sample by how murky the water is?Determine whether ethanol really does burn more cleanly than gasoline.Is there a correlation between attendance and GPA? Is there a correlation between how close to the front of the classroom a student sits and GPA?Which method of cooking destroys the most bacteria? Which disinfectant kills the most bacteria? Which disinfectant is safest to use?Examine the effect of growing one plant species near another.Can you build your own electrochemical cell or battery? Test its output and efficiency.Try to see if there is a correlation between two different factors, such as sunspot activity and mean global temperature or skipping lunch and low test scores. How valid would you expect such a correlation to be?What type of cooling mat is most effective at removing excess heat from a laptop computer?What is the best way to store bread to preserve its freshness?Which types of produce induce ripening or premature rotting in other produce?

Democracy in the Arab world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Democracy in the Arab world - Essay Example In the present world, the nature of democracy varies from state to state. Not all democratic states are actually democratic in nature. We can take example of the Arab world countries where the kings and the presidents hold the actual powers and the governments hardly take any step according to the desire of the public. â€Å"Presidents and kings remain too powerful, untrammeled by the limits imposed by effective parliaments and independent judiciaries† (Ottaway). The governments do not take into account the suggestions given by the citizens while developing or implementing any kind of law. There is a great desire of democracy on part of the citizens of the Arab countries but the dilemma is that in Arab countries, there are no social movements, labor unions, or widely supported political parties, which act as the foundations for development and implementation of a proper democratic system in any particular state. Without the establishment of publicly supported political parties, the real form of democracy can never be enjoyed in the Arab countries. There is hardly a true democratic state in the current Arab world. In the Arab countries, people have no awareness about the basic elements and benefits of democracy due to which they are not given importance during the process of any constitutional development and their suggestions regarding any political or constitutional matter are generally suppressed by the governments of their states. It is due to the continuous struggle of the western governments that people belonging to the Arab countries are becoming more and more aware of democracy. Today majority of people belonging to Jordan, Palestine, Algeria, Iraq, Iran, and some other Arab countries view democracy as the best form of government. There are enough Arab people belonging to different countries who want a western style democracy to progress in their countries (Hill). They

IMC Tactics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IMC Tactics - Essay Example One of the IMC plans that the company uses is direct marketing. In direct marketing, the media are involved which directly convey their services to their target market. It entails magazines, radio, newspapers, and sponsorships (Pickton, 2001). The company uses this medium to convey their message of low prices to its clients. The company advertises in television at peak hours of viewing in order to target the larger segment of the market. New products that the company has launched are shown in the commercial with their features. The company also sponsors charity events and sports to earn that reputation as a large retailer that people appreciate and recognizes. The magazines and newspaper are used for similar purpose. Any new product that the company introduces with their respective pricelist is offered to the media. Their objective is not targeting the niche industry since the company targets the low and middle-income earners. Direct mailing is also an important medium for the compan y where it updates its customer about their products. Another plan for the company is through sales promotion. Walmart uses various methods and techniques to create interest and awareness in clients to purchase their products competitions. This is helpful because the strategy is helpful in boosting the company’s sales, where the clients are entering for the weekly and monthly prize draw offering various prizes. Products that are highly priced, the price value is normally high like continental holiday. Another sale promotion is points of sale, the range of new products are decorated in an interesting and attractive manner to catch the attention of customers and luring them to buy. Assuming the product is single and tends to occupy a small space it is normally placed at the counter. Additionally, the free sample testing is done by the company whenever a new product range is introduced in the market. The gifts are also

The Importance of Mathematics to Everyday Life Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Mathematics to Everyday Life Essay Even though Mathematics undoubtedly has universal applications to life and is an essential tool in science, technology, economics, business, commerce and of course in computer design and functioning there is a general tendency for people to shy away from it for various reasons-some feel it is too difficult while others do not see its practical connection to everyday life. Consequently, we find just a small number of people who pursue this fascinating subject and the end result is that there is always only a small core of brilliant or good mathematicians which helps to reinforce the perception that this area of study is only reserved for an elitist few. Mathematician T. Rogers in one of his lectures notes: â€Å"The percentage of the world’s population, or even of the world’s university-educated population, who could accurately state a single mathematical theorem proved in the last fifty years is small, and smaller still if Fermat’s last theorem is excluded. If you ask a mathematician to explain what he or she works on, you will usually be met with a sheepish grin and told that it is not possible to do so in a short time. If you ask whether this mysteriously complicated work has practical applications (and we all get asked this from time to time), then there are various typical responses, none of them immediately impressive.† But maybe this perception is bolstered by the manner in which mathematics is taught and that is, it is done in too much of an abstraction and perhaps if our teachers could help students to see how these â€Å"abstract concepts† are related or could be applied to real and practical situations then probably this perception could be dispelled or reduced. In short if could successfully convince the young minds of the importance of mathematics to life. Students of the natural sciences quickly realise the importance of mathematics because the areas of study integrally connected and so they grasp its practical importance, unlike their colleagues in the fields of the arts and social sciences. However, to achieve this objective, teachers of mathematics need not only to be good mathematicians but must also possess good pedagogical skills as well because teaching this subject is a special task and not like many of the other subjects in the school curriculum. Mathematics educators Deborah Loewenberg Ball, Heather C. Hill, and Hyman notes Bass: â€Å"Knowing mathematics for teaching demands a kind of depth and detail that goes well beyond what is needed to carry out the algorithm reliably.† In Guyana performance by students in mathematics at examinations has been of concern by educators because it has not been up to scratch even though in recent years it has been improving appreciably. On this score the recent emergency training for mathematics teachers conducted by the National Centre for Educational Resource Development (NCERD) is a wise step and this should be carried on a continuous basis so as to help mathematics teachers keep abreast with new innovations and methodologies of teaching the subject. This is part of the institution’s response to the poor performance at this year’s Caribbean Secondary Examination Certificate (CSEC) tests. The training, a one week workshop, involving teachers from across the regions, is the second in a series of five, with the next scheduled for February, 2010. Mathematics Workshop, stated that the aim of the undertaking is to have teachers upgraded with the expectation that they will pass along their knowledge to the students. â€Å"The teachers are from schools where students obtained 10 per cent or less in the CSEC examinations. If we can raise the skills of the teachers who are delivering the curriculum, we can raise the performance of the students at the CSEC exams,† he said. Mr. McKenzie explained that the methodology used for the upgrading process will see the facilitators taking the teachers through exercises that would be worked in class so that the teachers can be introduced to new strategies of delivering material. He is correct and this is the path training courses for our teachers need to take. They have to get to get down to the â€Å"nitty gritty† of the situation and design training programmes to deal with the realities of the classrooms and not some fanciful theory or theories which is set in a foreign location and is therefore is totally divorced from the local realities.

What to Do With My Life? :: College Admissions, Personal Narrative

Wish I could be Anything I wanna be Wanna be a fireman Wanna be an astronaut Wanna sail the seas Just like a sailor But it's not the end of the world So baby don't get upset It's just a little regret    Less than a year left of high school, then four years of college to study who knows what, and after that... I do not know. There are so many things I wish I could do, so many careers I think would be interesting as the lyrics above suggest. I am big on traveling just to see the sights. I could wander endlessly on through the world. I could visit China to see the Great Wall, Russia to see the Red Square, and Australia to SCUBA dive in the Great Coral Reef. I would go from there to South Africa to see my best friend from fifth grade, taking my camera with me the whole way. I would check out the ancient Greek and Roman structures in Europe and follow the footsteps of my grandfather to the ends of the world. When my tour had ended, I would return to college to learn to be an astronaut so I could carry my exploration even further. And after exhausting my wonder of the universe I would return to explore the depths of the ocean. And so as for getting ready for a career, I do not have any time; my schedule is packed for the next 253 years. I only regret that I do not have enough in my life to do all that I dream. But it's not the end of the world So baby don't get upset It's just a little regret I will just have to be content to save the majority of my travels for eternity. But as for my current preparations for the real world, I have a few things going for me. I have always been a good student and done well at many things. I am a perfectionist to an extent.

Together We Survive

Life is full of challenges. Each people has their own battle to fight everyday. For every battle, there might be a couple of times that you will fail, but those failures should not be a hindrance for you to not keep going. You are not alone, there are people that surrounds you whom you can seek for help. Survival doesn't have to be done by yourself but instead helping each other would emphasize the purpose of life. An American author named Hellen Keller states that, â€Å"Alone we can do little; together we can do so much.† Working together builds relationship to other people because you are able to connect and support each other in times of ups and downs. In times of hardships, reaching out to others enables smoother movement towards the goal of surviving. When life gets harder, people who can overcome the problems are more likely the ones who builds unity and lend a helping hand to others. 5 years ago, a 7.2 magnitude earthquake struck the island of Bohol in the Philippines. It's a total disaster that devastated thousands of lives due to the severity of damages of infrastructures and the number of affected families. There were many people who were injured and died from the earthquake, including our neighbors who are the Merez family. Both parents died while working inside the building that collapsed during that day and left their 4 children in grieve. The eldest son was only 20 years old. It was indeed difficult for them losing both of their parents and their properties. Though they had experienced such huge casualties, the siblings helped each other and never hesitate to ask somebody for help. Moreover, those people who are willing in giving an aid, gave hope to other underprivileged individuals to start a new chapter of their lives. Not only by financial support but with their presence of showing love to the affected families as well. The Merez siblings went through a process of grieving but with the help of others, they had overcome the depression for quite a time and had realized that it isn't the end of their lives yet. On the other hand, the Belarmino family who's not even related by blood, supported the siblings and gave them a chance to regain their life. They work hard, motivate each other to study well in order to reach their ambitions. Furthermore, the reason behind of their success is that they chose to remain hard as rock despite of the losses and the experiences they went through. They fought mentally, physically, and emotionally. They never lose hope and had face the dilemmas in life. As time passes by, the eldest brother graduated in college and is now working as a teacher. It was indeed a tough journey for him. Nevertheless, he is now sending his siblings to school and he's able to overcome the tremendous challenges he had faced back then. In conclusion, facing the problems alone is all right but, asking somebody for help won't make a person less. Pulling together develop relationships and strategies in order to accomplish your wants. No matter how bad the situation is, no disaster can break your dreams and aspirations in life. Keep moving forward and make those hardships in life as a motivation to strive hard. This is what life is all about, we help each other to grow better and learn from the experiences together.

Extraversion and Neurotism

TAKE-HOME ESSAY #2 Psy 2300, Fall 2012 †¢The second take-home essay will be worth 20 points. You may use your textbook, D2L resources, and class notes. You may NOT collaborate with fellow students! †¢Essays must be double-spaced, with 1-inch margins and a reasonable font size (e. g. , 12 point). †¢PLEASE CAREFULLY PROOFREAD YOUR ANSWERS FOR CLARITY & TYPOS; excessive proofreading errors will result in a deduction of points, as will a failure to follow the formatting requirements above! †¢The essay should be 1-3 pages long and organized into coherent paragraphs. Please organize your essay according to the subdivisions provided (a, b, c, etc. ). You do not need to use a formal essay format (introduction, body, conclusion). †¢Please use your own words whenever possible. If you feel you must quote from class notes or the textbook, cite the source properly. †¢You may answer any ONE of the three questions provided. If you answer more than one, only the first o ne will be graded. †¢Essays are DUE in the Dropbox by 9:59 p. m. on Friday, November 9th. 1. Compare and contrast the Big Five with EITHER Eysenck’s model OR Tellegen’s model (i. . , identify similarities and differences). If you choose Tellegen, focus on the three higher-order traits; just refer to the primary scales as examples if applicable. Think about how the models were derived as well as the meaning of the traits themselves. Then discuss which of the three trait models covered in class you prefer and whether you think any important aspects of personality are left out of the three models. Make sure you JUSTIFY your choice of favorite model by presenting at least two distinct reasons. 2.Consider what it means to be high in the traits of Extraversion and Neuroticism (separately). Then make connections between each trait and current concern theory. Specifically, address how being high in these traits might influence: †¢Which types of goals people pursue â € ¢How their goal pursuits affect them (emotionally and cognitively) †¢How they progress through the incentive-disengagement cycle when a goal is blocked What I’m looking for here is a thoughtful discussion of how being high in E and being high in N might affect people’s motivational processes, using concepts from Klinger’s current concern theory.It may help to refer to the low ends of these traits to provide a contrast with the high ends (e. g. , â€Å"unlike introverts, when extraverts pursue a goal†¦ †). 3. If you’d like to be a little creative, tell a â€Å"story† about a person with a particular configuration of traits. Specifically, choose AT LEAST THREE of the Big Five OR Tellegen’s primary traits (if you choose Tellegen, make sure to pick one trait from each higher-order factor). The person can be purely hypothetical or based on someone you know; I even had students discuss the fictional characters Dwight (from â⠂¬Å"The Office†) and Borat!Describe how that person typically behaves based on how they score on the three traits you select. For example, â€Å"Ralph† might be high C, low N, and medium O. What might Ralph’s behavior patterns be like? His interpersonal relationships? His goal pursuits? Would his trait configuration lead to any particular problems in his life? What I’m looking for is a clear understanding of the traits you choose and the ability to APPLY those traits to a realistic scenario in which the traits can interact with each other. Have fun! [NOTE:I have a sample full-credit essay posted on D2L to help with this option! ]

Has Social Networking Affected Social Skill of Todays Generation

Has Social Networking Affected Social Skill of Todays Generation The Problem and its Background More than a decade ago, the world was a very different place. It is no question that it was fraught with its own obstacles and difficulties for children and families. During that time, it was hard for the young generation to imagine that 50 years later, their children will be able to communicate with all sorts of people from friends to strangers at all times of the day and night without them necessarily being aware.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Has Social Networking Affected Social Skill of Today’s Generation? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While during this period, parents used to keep a check on the whereabouts of their kids, nowadays a teenager can travel through out the world even without leaving the bedroom. Currently, many experts are arguing that social networking sites are impacting negatively on the social skills of today’s generation with many concl uding that though technological advances have made many things possible (like most things available nowadays), if they go unchecked, these life tools are likely to turn out to be weapons of self destruction. While social networks main goals are to allow people interact socially, these sites have also caused members to become like zombies. Most of them spend time socializing and this in return dents their personal social skills. That is the reason why most of the people in the current generation prefer communicating through cyberspaces since it is easier to say everything than a one on one form of communication where some people cannot even express themselves (Thackeray Hunter, 2010). Experts goes further and argues that aside from developing strong interaction skills, today’s generation has developed weaker interpersonal relationships with those they relate to: from teachers, friends to their own parents, a character which has been attributed to too much dependency on the in ternet. Most of the times, today’s generation can only communicate with other people by chatting or placing comments on their friends wall. They have been doing this for a long time until it develops into a habit. This continues until a time comes when they can only use either the internet or computers to inform the other party what they want and through this, expression of emotions and feelings lost and this leads to loss of social skills on how people interact with others. However, contrary to the views of many, Affonso (1999) indicates that social skills and social mores are dynamic indicating that even though our teenagers are constantly in their phones surfing through social sites such as Facebook and Twitter that does not mean that their social skills are not developing but he argues that they are developing in a different dimension and in different social skills than those their parents placed high value on or developed in.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Affonso goes further and indicates that while there are some positive aspects about social sites, there have also been suggestions that increased use of internet and social networks have negative influence on their social skills. He supports this by quoting a study done by Carnegie Mellon University which concluded that â€Å"Internet use leads to small but statistically significant increases in misery and loneliness and a decline in overall psychological well-being†, (Affonso, 1999: Par 3). Other studies also show that most of today’s generation use internet more often and thus most of them tend to have fewer friends and spends very little time interacting with their family members and close friends thus most of the time they suffer from stress and feeling more lonely and depressed at times. A new twist in relationship studies has also revealed that most of the b reak-ups among young couples have been attributed to the fact that one partner uses more of their time in social networks leading to the other party feeling lonely and alienated and as a result this leads to irreconcilable differences leading to break ups. With most of the today’s generation using the internet more than their parents used to, especially through social sites, listening to music and meeting new people, there has been a concern among educators that most of the current generation will â€Å"lose the savvy and skills and patience to conduct social relations in the corporate real world and that the Internet will intensify the negative effect television has already had on our social skills†, (Affonso, 1999: Par 7). However, increased use of the internet has also been said to groom the social skills of the current generation. When the children and the youth who makes the current generation interact online in productive and positive ways especially through the interactive platforms such as virtual magazines, it gives them an opportunity for them to express themselves and thus they can share their views with people of their age those who are of the same views and the contrary thereby widening of their understanding scope. It is worth noting that increased use of the social environments helps in improving one’s social skills. The interactions young adults have in their facebook or twitter are more similar than they are different from the interactions which adults make on a one on one or face to face relationships. Conducted studies show that youth who usually lack social skills and positive interactions in real life are also likely to misuse social networking sites in inhuman way or example by making threats thus there is no point of connecting poor social skills to increased uses of social networks.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Has Social Networking Affected Social Skill of Today’s Genera tion? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Subjects for Study The study will be conducted in the University of California Los Angeles and it will consider all aspects of the students including the age, gender and the year level in terms of social networking sites and their social interactions at home, with classmates, teachers and friends. The study shall also entail investigating the interrelationship skills of the students towards their parents, teachers and also fellow friends as well as how social networking sites have influenced their social skills. The research will involve a sample of 300 students currently in the university and the study will also be purposive since only the everyday users of social networks will be considered. Ethical Considerations For any survey, there are ethical implications which come to play especially if it is a social factor survey. In our case, the ethical implications which the survey might pose are those rela ted to violation of the individual policy. If each of the youth in our sample consent to the survey, it will be very important to inform them about our study objectives and applications. Since our survey might reflect the pattern of relationships among people, the target sample will most likely be revealing what the large population is doing. The questions as to who the youth communicates or interacts with for example during periods of stress and depression might interfere with their privacy. Questions of how long and how frequent they confide with those they care about and which channel they use. Thus, even though the interviewee might not be aware, they can find themselves conveying some information about another party while the other party may not and this may cause violation of their rights to privacy (Carpenter, Bauer Erdogan, 2008). With the given technology advancements, while the interviewer might try to maintain the confidentiality of the information accessed with demograph ic issues it may be possible for one to guess the individuals depending on where they are located (Carpenter, Bauer Erdogan, 2008). Measurement Research Design The mixed method approach to research will be the most appropriate way to evaluate the situation. The qualitative research will be used to establish the interviewees’ perception on the changed social skills.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This will be done through a quantitative questionnaire. The questionnaire will be implemented to establish how Social Networking affects social skills of today’s generation. All the students and young lecturers in the sample will be given an equal opportunity to respond to the questionnaire. The questions will be divided into four sections. The quantitative research methods will shed light in the numerical aspects of the age at which the youth began accessing the internet and especially the social networks and the time they spends while in the social networks and in the absence of the same how much time they used to spend interacting with their peers before they got glued to the social networks. How they interrelate to family members, friends, teachers or fellow students in case of the young lecturers and total strangers will also be covered in the questionnaire. The other part of the interview will be audio taped where our research group will interact with the students and t he young lecturers while recording the conversations. The questions will relate to those in the questionnaire but the interviewee will be able to provide in-depth and detailed explanations or reasoning for the given answers. The purpose of all this will be to establish whether there is a link between increased social networking. Population and Sample Our sample will be selected from the University of California Los Angeles. We shall have informed them earlier of our intentions of conducting a survey where the willing daily users of social network both students and young lecturers are expected to register. From the list, we shall then conduct a purposive sampling where our target will have to fulfill certain qualities before issuing of the questionnaire and we shall interview only those who uses internet on daily basis. Research Instrument The researchers will use questionnaires and survey forms as research instruments. The survey form will enquire if the respondents use social netwo rking sites and their frequency of using the sites. After determining those who use social networking sites daily, questionnaires will be issued to them and the questionnaires will investigate from the respondents what social skills they have gained or lost from by using social network sites in terms of their relationships with teachers, family members, friends and strangers. The details of the questionnaire are as attached in Appendix 1. Data Collection Methods The researchers will distribute a survey form to each section in order to determine the users of social networking sites and we hope this will be achieved within one to two days. After the researchers collect the questionnaires, a list of the respondents which are social network site users will be organized then copies of the main questionnaire produced. The copies of the main questionnaire will depend on the number of the respondents. However, extra copies will be reproduced if some respondents lose their questionnaires. Th e respondents will be given one to two days allowance to answer the questionnaire. The questions will be as attached in Appendix 1. Research assistants will be used to distribute and collect the questionnaires. Once the deadline of the questionnaires is arrived at, the research assistants will coordinate with the students to retrieve all the questionnaires completely. The questionnaires gathered are supposed to contain all the needed data for the study and the data will then be organized, summarized, analyzed, and interpreted. Analysis The researchers will use the following formulas to analyze the results from the questionnaires. Frequency is the number of occurrences, proportion, or percentage of a specific response in a particular category in a set of data, while percentage is the proportion or share of the specific response in relation to the whole sample. This method of analysis will be used to determine the percentage of the respondents out of the total sample in terms of the p ercentage and the affected social skills due to the influence of social networking sites. Each of the interviewer tape will also be transcribed by a professional transcribe and random selection of the tapes will be done to check the accuracy of transcription by the research assistants. The transcribed interviews will then be entered into a qualitative software program for their correlation to the questionnaires to be analyzed. The assisting research assistants will then read the themes that will emerge. The coding of the themes will then be established and if disagreements about the coding arise, all parties shall agree through discussion, further sharpening of the codes if need arise and comparing the interviews. Finally, all interviews will be coded individually and the results from the questionnaires will be tallied and calculated into percentages. Responses will be displayed using various tables and graphs. Information will be both lexis and numerical for a more complete picture of the effects of social networks to social skills of the current generation. Reference List Affonso, B. (1999). Is the Internet Affecting the Social Skills of Our Children? Web. Carpenter, M; Bauer, T., Erdogan, B. (2008). Principles of Management. Retrieved from https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/ Thackeray, R., Hunter, M. (2010). Empowering Youth: Use of Technology in Advocacy to Affect Social Change. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. Volume 15, pages 575–591.

Definition and Examples of Apologia in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Apologia in Rhetoric Definition: In classical rhetoric, communication studies, and public relations, an apologia is a  speech that defends, justifies, and/or apologizes for an action or statement. Plural: apologia. Adjective: apologetic. Also known as a  speech of self-defense. In an article* in the Quarterly Journal of Speech (1973), B.L. Ware and W.A. Linkugel identified four common strategies in apologetic discourse: denial (directly or indirectly rejecting the substance, intent, or consequence of the questionable act) bolstering (attempting to enhance the image of the individual under attack) differentiation (distinguishing the questionable act from more serious or harmful actions) transcendence (placing the act in a different context) *They Spoke in Defense of Themselves: On the Generic Criticism of Apologia See Examples and Observations below. Also see: OratoryPersuasionRhetoric What Are the Three Branches of Rhetoric? EtymologyFrom the Greek, away from speech Examples and Observations There may be several purposes for apologia rhetoric, including to explain the behavior or statement in a positive light, justify the behavior to minimize damage to image and character, or remove the topic from public discussion so that other issues may be discussed.(Colleen E. Kelley, The Rhetoric of First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton: Crisis Management Discourse. Praeger, 2001) The Rhetoric of Damage ControlSome genres are so complex and high stakes that they require a special kind of rhetorical maneuvering and critical assessment. One such animal is what Aristotle called an apologiaor what we label today as the rhetoric of self-defense, damage-control, image-repair, or crisis management. . . .Its indebtedness to all three genres [deliberative, judicial, and epideictic], but its allegiance to none, makes the apologia a challenging rhetorical hybrid to create and critique (Campbell Huxman, 2003, pp. 293-294). . . . .The genre [of apologia] is a public purging of sins and a reaffirmat ion of the ethical norms of society dressed up in theatrical proportions to bring pleasure to spectators; it is the most intimate form of secular discourse. Success in this arena requires a let it all hang out (remorse, pride, outrage) approach. The visual media are especially equipped to provide the excess and exaggeration that this type of theater demands.(Susan Schultz Huxman, Exigencies, Explanations, and Executions: Toward a Dynamic Theory of the Crisis Communications Genre. Responding to Crisis: A Rhetorical Approach to Crisis Communication, ed. by Dan P. Millar and Robert L. Heath. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004) BP CEOs Apologia for the Gulf Oil Spill (May 31, 2010)The first thing to say is Im sorry. . . . We’re sorry for the massive disruption it’s caused their lives. There’s no one who wants this over more than I do. I would like my life back.†(Tony Hayward, televised speech in Venice, Louisiana, May 31, 2010) Bill Clintons Apologia: The Monica Lewinsky Affair (Aug. 17, 1998)Good evening.This afternoon in this room, from this chair, I testified before the Office of Independent Counsel and the grand jury.I answered their questions truthfully, including questions about my private life, questions no American citizen would ever want to answer.Still, I must take complete responsibility for all my actions, both public and private. And that is why I am speaking to you tonight.As you know, in a deposition in January, I was asked questions about my relationship with Monica Lewinsky. While my answers were legally accurate, I did not volunteer information.Indeed, I did hav e a relationship with Miss Lewinsky that was not appropriate. In fact, it was wrong. It constituted a critical lapse in judgment and a personal failure on my part for which I am solely and completely responsible.But I told the grand jury today and I say to you now that at no time did I ask anyone to lie, to hide or destroy evidence or to take any other unlawful action.I know that my public comments and my silence about this matter gave a false impression. I misled people, including even my wife. I deeply regret that.I can only tell you I was motivated by many factors. First, by a desire to protect myself from the embarrassment of my own conduct.I was also very concerned about protecting my family. The fact that these questions were being asked in a politically inspired lawsuit, which has since been dismissed, was a consideration, too.In addition, I had real and serious concerns about an independent counsel investigation that began with private business dealings 20 years ago, dealing s I might add about which an independent federal agency found no evidence of any wrongdoing by me or my wife over two years ago.The independent counsel investigation moved on to my staff and friends, then into my private life. And now the investigation itself is under investigation.This has gone on too long, cost too much and hurt too many innocent people.Now, this matter is between me, the two people I love mostmy wife and our daughterand our God. I must put it right, and I am prepared to do whatever it takes to do so.Nothing is more important to me personally. But it is private, and I intend to reclaim my family life for my family. Its nobodys business but ours.Even presidents have private lives. It is time to stop the pursuit of personal destruction and the prying into private lives and get on with our national life.Our country has been distracted by this matter for too long, and I take my responsibility for my part in all of this. That is all I can do.Now it is timein fact, it i s past time to move on.We have important work to doreal opportunities to seize, real problems to solve, real security matters to face.And so tonight, I ask you to turn away from the spectacle of the past seven months, to repair the fabric of our national discourse, and to return our attention to all the challenges and all the promise of the next American century.Thank you for watching. And good night.(President Bill Clinton, televised speech to the American public, August 17, 1998) Pronunciation: AP-eh-LOW-je-eh

Federal Express (Canada) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Federal Express (Canada) - Case Study Example Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Background 4 Statement of Problem(S) or Issue(S) 5 Situation Analysis 6 Analysis of Alternatives 8 Recommendations 9 Implementation or Action Plan 9 Reference 10 Appendices 11 Background Desktop Innovations (DI) is recognized as one of the renowned organizations operating in software sector, which enhanced at a rapid pace in this era of globalization and industrialization. The underlying cause of this fact is high level of incorporation of information technology (IT) and automation in every aspect of business operations. This has facilitated the organizations operating in this sector like DI to augment its productivity and profitability (McDougall & Dorken, n.d.). According to the evidences provided in the case scenario, it can be observed that to enhance the corporate image and brand loyalty, DI attempted to display its software products in the trade show organized in Charlotte in North Carolina. This might also facilitate DI to attract new arra y of customers, leading to amplification of its dominance over other competing corporations of the similar industry. For this reason, the office manager of DI desired to transport two different types of software packages from the head office of Kitchener, Ontario with the help of Federal Express (FedEx). Besides, due to loss of bill in the midpoint, the parcel of DI could not arrive at the stipulated location at exact time, resulting in varied types of intricacies. This resulted in initiation of investigations by the management of DI in order to realize the lost box from FedEx (McDougall & Dorken, n.d.). Statement of Problem(S) or Issue(S) DI is one of the reputed organizations of software segment, attempting to offer innovative products and /or services to its customers. The main attempt is to enhance the dependency and consistency of the customers, resulting in augmentation of its brand identity and portfolio among other competitors in the market. Besides, in order to retain the m arket share and distinctiveness, it is essential to attract new array of consumers. In order to do so, DI attempted to transport two diverse types of software packages to the markets of Simpsonville, South Carolina to be displayed in a trade show through a trader which would lead to amplification of its brand awareness and total sales, which is extremely essential in this era of competitiveness. Unfortunately, the loss of the invoice bill of one of the product packages by FedEx resulted in varied types of difficulties for the management of DI. This type of negligence by one of the world renowned logistic providers resulted in a critical situation for the dealer of DI. As a result of this negligence in the delivery system of FedEx, the dealer of DI became unable to display the products within the trade show in North Carolina. Due to which, it lost large number of prospective customers, ensuing decline of its brand image and revenue, which might prove extremely challenging in future p eriod (McDougall & Dorken, n.d.). Situation Analysis In order to evaluate the competitive advantage of DI, it is extremely necessary to analyze its position in the market. It includes evaluation of both internal and external environments of DI, with the help of SWOT and Porter’

The First Continental Congress Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The First Continental Congress - Research Paper Example Each colony sent representatives to the Congress except Georgia which did not want to jeopardize the aid of British troops which were needed in that colony to help fend off Indian attacks. These representatives were not of one mind, however. The historically significant meeting of 54 men which included George Washington, John Adams and Patrick Henry were divided in purpose. Some delegates such as John Adam’s cousin Samuel Adams favored democratizing the colonies though were not yet suggesting forming their own country, at least not publically. Others insisted resolving the issues with Britain were the only sensible way and the meeting’s only intention. The convening of the First Continental Congress was meant to unite the colonies and gain the attention of the Mother Country and in that, its goal was accomplished. The colonists had considered themselves British citizens for the approximately century and a half they had been in America and likely would have continued thi s loyalty to country if the British Parliament and King George III had not restricted trade, increased taxation and permitted Colonies seats in House of Commons. Britain and France were engaged in costly battles both in Europe and America. Desperate to raise funds to pay back debts caused by continued military endeavors, Britain passed the Sugar Act on April 5, 1774 which not only levied a tax on American sugar but prohibited the importation of rum and French wine. The Stamp Act followed the next year requiring stamps to be purchased to sell many common products such as newspapers and playing cards. Stamps are still required today on liquor and cigarettes. Britain justified the tax claiming it was to pay for the protection provided its soldiers to protect citizens from Indian raids, a reason that did fell on deaf ears. Since 1770 the majority of colonists had been against British soldiers occupying America. On March 5th of that year tensions between soldiers and citizens reached its peak when soldiers fired shots into a taunting mob throwing ice-balls and sharp oyster shells at them. The event is popularly known as the Boston Massacre, an incident that might have escalated into all-out war at that time if not for John Adams. He successfully defended the British soldiers against a backdrop of a mob-mentality existing in Boston and spreading through Massachusetts along with the other colonies. (â€Å"American Revolution,† (2012). Following the Boston Massacre, Parliament abolished the Townshend tax which ended the taxes on just about everything except tea which led to another historical event. In December, 1773, colonists disguised as Indians boarded several English ships anchored in Boston Harbor. They tossed 342containers of tea into the sea to protest the tax and British occupation. George Washington, a member of the Virginia House, was concerned this overreaction to a three pence tax would cause the British, known for their ruthless tactics, to retali ate. Samuel Adams, leader of the Sons of Liberty, was â€Å"convinced that the tea duty had to be stopped at all costs and that their symbolic action had aroused America from its slumber.† (Chorlton, 2011 p. 34). Unlike Washington, they were happy because it forced American colonists to take sides. In May of 1774, Parliament passed the Massachusetts Government Act which nullified the Colony’s Charter and made town meetings illegal. The Administration of Justice Act soon followed. It allowed for British

Zero tolerance policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Zero tolerance policies - Essay Example Zero tolerance policies are not effective as they cause more harm than good to an institution and the student offender at hand. Despite the conflicting arguments on the zero tolerance policies, it has been widely used as a means of controlling school disruption and chaotic instances. Punishments given to all offences are severe disregard of the intensity of the incidents. The zero tolerance policies has its limitations in that it fails to address the underlying causes of the incidence therefore making it ineffective in countering crimes effectively. Recently, most schools in the America and Europe have embraced this policies which has led to most students being suspended or even expelled from their respective schools. A number of concerns and questions have aroused due to a research on this policies. Among the questions include, â€Å"Do zero tolerance policies in schools reduce incidents of bad behavior? and What are the societal consequences of suspension and expulsion of students who violate these policies? Juà ¡rez, pp. 415-416)†. Little evidence is available to credit school safety and improve b ehavior in students subjected to this policies. Research on the effectiveness of expulsions and suspensions as an educational intervention, and other ethical concerns has generated data that shows the negative effects of the zero tolerance policies. This data has led to a change in punishments adopted in different schools which matches the offences committed and preventive measures of bullying and improvement in class management. Research done on finding of alternative ways of punishment will help schools in developing more effective and intrusive methods of school discipline. In September 17, 1999, a fight broke between students of rival gangs in a football game at Decatur High School in Decatur. In October 1, 1999 the School Board expelled the seven students, all black from the school for two years. This move provoked reaction

The Performance Measurement In Business Logistics Commerce Essay

The Performance Measurement In Business Logistics Commerce Essay Performance measurement can be defined as the process of quantifying effectiveness and the efficiency of an action (Neely, Mills, Platts, Gregory, Richards, 1994). Given the lack of any universally definition for performance in the organizational literature, it should not be surprising that extant literature offers many ideas about the dimension that ought to be incorporated into a conceptualization of logistics performance. One of the best examples is the framework where physical distribution effectiveness is defined as the extent to which distribution programmes satisfy customers [Rhea Shrock, International Journal of Logistics Management, 5, p. 3. supply chain management encompasses the logistics management which plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers requirements(Anonymous 2002). Performance measurement in the logistics functions, like starts at the individual metric level. Because of the great abundance of metrics already in existence there is forceful need for a method with which to evaluate the existing metrics. Quantitative and Qualitative measures are the two basic categories of Logistics indicators. Qualitative measures include such as product quality, customer satisfaction etc. and quantitative measures include such as order-to-delivery lead time, cycle time, flexibility, resource utilization, delivery performance, etc. Non-financial and financial are two broad categories of Quantitative metrics of supply chain performance. In fact, in the late 1880s return on investment (as a financial measure) was the main emphasis. (Schermerhorn et al.,, 2000). However as the second progressed during 1980s, the world market changed and overseas competitors began to take market share from the domestic and national companies who were unable to provide higher-quality products with lower costs and more diversity. National companies shifted their strategic focus from cost production to quality, flexibility and short lead time, as non-financial measures to gain the competitive edge in the market (Stewart, 1995). Business logistics performance metrics could also be classified as Operational Day to day technical representation developed schedule adherence avoiding complaints defect free delivery Inventory carrying cost(Levy (1997); Lee Billington (1992) Information carrying cost (Steward (1995) Tactical purchasing order efficiency Cycle time procedures booking Cash flow, Quality assurance flexibility transportation cost Capacity Strategic Rate of return on Investment Total cash flow time lead time comparison Quality level and quality assurance cost saving supplier pricing measuring against market(Gunasekaran et al. (2004) query time The critical elements that form the basis of logistics management are time, distance and money. Some utilization, productivity and effectiveness metrics used in the logistics management are: Dimension Metric Example Utilization Actual input/norm input Area of warehouse occupied/ total area Productivity Actual output/actual input Ton-miles delivered/cost incurred No of orders processed/ no of hours of labor Effectiveness Actual output/norm output No of shipment on-time/no of shipment sent Utilization measures: They are used to track the use of input resources in process. In logistics, input could be characterized as financial, physical assets or inventory. Utilization metrics include the following: Spending measures Purchase price variance Distribution cost as percentage of sales Variance of transportation cost from budget Non financial resources measures Usage ratios Amortized costs Inventory measures Static metrics (capture level of inventory expressed in physical, financial or other terms) Flow metrics (capture speed of inventory as it flows through the system over a period of time) productivity measures Partial productivity measures (SFP-single factor productivity ratios ) Total factor productivity measurement Financial productivity measurement (ROI-return on investment )( (Frameworx, 2005) Effectiveness metrics Order fill rates( order filled /orders requested Line item fill rates( total line items not filled / shipped in time per period Damage rates (line items damaged per order) Order cycle time (elapsed time between receiving request and delivering order) Delivery or transit time (elapsed time between readying order for shipment and delivery order)( DfT, 2004) On-time ( orders shipped on time or orders received by customer on time ) Perfect deliveries (orders received by customers with no logistics service fullness) Importance of performance Measurement The importance of measurement is everywhere as you get what you inspect, not what you expect. Hence, the importance of performance measurement cannot be denied. Therefore, to evaluate work done and to direct the activities metrics are required ((Melnyk et al. 2004). . Pressures (globalization, severe competition, and changing customers needs) are significantly driving force in the present era requiring the organizations to re-focus on utilizing of people and resources based on organizational objectives. A performance measurement system is needed to evaluate the resource utilization so that the organizations can strategically manage and properly control. It has been pointed out that in order to take action for ensuring desired results a performance measurement system is essential tool of controlling process. (Schermerhorn and Chappell, 2000) Measuring performance is necessary, because of the following reasons (which vary from organization to organization) are 🙠 Parker (2000) Success identification Measuring whether they are fulfilling the customer requirements; Help them understand their processes: Problems bottlenecks waste, etc. Identification Making sure that decisions are based on fact, not on supposition, emotion or intuition; and Disclose improvement planned, actually happened. Case Example To fully utilize the performance measurement system of logistics a firm has to implement latest technological infrastructure so efficient logistics operations could work flawlessly. Here we examine the case of Transcom Inc. that is a known to be the one of the leading edge a distributor of seals and bearings in Burnsville, Minn. it has successfully enhanced its performance measurements in its supply chain operations through implementing and incorporating latest technological measurement tools in its supply chain operations. Transcom was able to find numerous ways to speed up the order-to-ship process and reduce costs through this strategy that is through effectively measuring the performance of the logistics operation with the help of appropriate technology. Analysis of performance data resulted in improved inventory control, increased product turns, increased shipment volumes and reduced line-item labor costs. Implementation of technological performance measurement tools increased the not only efficiencies of Logistics such as efficiencies in our distribution center but also created efficiencies purchasing, inventory control and customer-service departments. (Dennis Bollinger 2006) Conclusion: The a firms approach in establishing logistics measurements system does not matters a lot as the real value come when the information is acted upon to align the effectiveness and efficiency of the logistics process performance to value the customers. The role 3PL can have in your success is dependent on when you start measuring your logistics performance (james S. Keebler and David A. Durtsche 2007). One of the logistics challenges is that organizations have to be more responsive, with high levels of flexibility in delivery. The emphasis should be on processes and performance rather than on functions and profit. The competitive battleground will be in the fields of quality, productivity, speed and innovation. Progress towards performance excellence will be aided greatly by relevant and integrated measurement frameworks and models (Christopher (1994).

People Are Sheep :: miscellaneous

People Are Sheep Every person everywhere in the United States is consumed by what the media tells them: what to do, what to wear, where to go to shop. People will swear up and down that they want to have their own identity, and they will even go to great lengths to attain it, yet, inevitably, they all fall into a â€Å"clique† with millions of others. Nobody wants to be a follower, but in terms of youth culture, nobody can really be a true leader. Nobody, that is, except the media. The American people, young and old alike, line up like sheep and follow the media shepherd wherever it leads. After a pathetic plea from my 13-year-old brother, I reluctantly agreed to take him and a few of his buddies to the mall to shop for basketball shoes. Although taking a slew of opinionated, loud-mouthed, smart-aleck teenagers shopping was not high on my priority list, spending time with my little brother was. So off to the mall we went. On the way the increasingly louder arguments over which shoes were the best made me want to drive my car straight into a tree. The one topic that kept rolling media presuaded tounges was that of the many different shoes they had seen on television. That’s when it hit me, my brother and his buddies were being led to slaughter --the mall-- by the media shepherd. As we pulled into the parking space at the mall, I barely had time to put the car in park before my crazed passengers, a pack of teenaged hooligans, barreled out of the car and raced for the door. By the time I caught up to my mob of shoe shoppers they were already in a shoe store, each with a different shoe in hand. My little brother had already strapped a pair of hideous shoes to his feet and was bouncing around the store acting like he was Kobe Bryant. I asked him if he liked the way the shoes looked, or even if they were at least comfortable, and his reply was, â€Å"who cares? Kobe Bryant wears them so they’re awesome!†. I gave the shoes a closer inspection, because if they were good enough for Kobe Bryant, they were good enough for my little brother. At least in my little brothers mind. When I peered at the price tag my knees got weak, and I nearly fell over.

Health Write Up Alcohol Essay

Alcohol is one of the most abused drugs in America. It is easily accessible, cheap, and perfectly legal to buy and consume. The way alcohol works is that it enters your bloodstream and moves into the biological membranes in your body. Up to 20% of alcohol consumed is absorbed through your stomach lining and 75% is absorbed in your upper intestine directly into the blood stream. Absorption rate is increased if you mix with carbonation, it is decreased with food, and if you drink higher concentration of alcohol (ie 80 proof or higher) absorption is also slower. The amount of alcohol absorbed along with factors of weight, body fat, sex, and in some cases race all depends on your blood alcohol concentration (or BAC). This is the ratio of alcohol absorbed to the rate of your metabolism. Alcohol is only metabolized through the liver, and cannot be speed up with the use of exercise, drinking coffee, eating certain food, or taking a cold shower. Alcohol has a generally negative impact on health. Chronic use of alcohol will have the user develop sever cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), higher blood pressure, various cancers, and major cognitive impairments, memory loss, including dementia. The constant abuse of alcohol or alcohol dependence will cause people to live shorter lives and they will have withdrawal symptoms when they don’t have a drink for periods of a time. However, there is help very readily available for those who are seeking a change in their drinking habits with many programs of all types.

Motivating Middle School Boys Essay

Abstract Middle school is a time of physical, emotional and social change for boys. When students hit middle school, academics tend to take a back seat to all of the new activity in their lives. For boys, middle school is increasingly difficult. In addition to the physical and emotional changes, the academic curriculum becomes more challenging and rigid. This does not align with a typical boy’s learning style. Many boys in middle school are struggling through hard times at home. Situations may include challenges such as little to no parental support, poverty, and malnutrition. With all of the possible circumstances disrupting their home lives, it is hard for these boys to concentrate on how to solve an equation in math class. Teachers need to motivate boys by providing relevant, hands-on curriculum. Three ways that teachers can do this is by including family members in the classroom, using friendly competition in the form of games and contests, and by relating mathematical lessons and material to real-life situations and interests that the boys might have. Introduction By seventh grade, most students have had years of poor attendance, little parental support, and many other issues related to poverty. They simply do not see the importance of mathematics in everyday life and how math can lead to better things for them. Males, in particular, want to continue the lifestyle they were raised in; showing little to no effort when it comes to the math classroom. This paper discusses three reasons why mathematics teachers should incorporate meaningful motivation strategies as a tool to motivate middle school males in the mathematics classroom. Including Family in the Classroom. One way that teachers can help to motivate boys in the middle school classroom is to include their families in the classroom. The relationship between family and school influences the academic achievement of middle school students. These family relationships and parental involvement mold students’ educational development drastically. Murdock and Miller (2003) refer to family as a major influence in how middle school boys deal with learning, peers, and motivation. They state â€Å"families play the most important role in students’ lives as they transition from elementary school to middle school†. The absence of a parent can play a very important role in the success of a student, so when the student sees that there is a connection between the classroom and their family, they are motivated to succeed. Middle school math teachers should try their best to create a sense of family cohesion and teamwork in the classroom. Teachers can do this by always making sure parents are aware of what is happening in the classroom, keeping the lines of communication open, and even incorporating projects that might need the student to work with a member of their family to complete it. Haim Ginott’s theory of congruent communication states that teachers should always use communication that is harmonious with students’ feelings about situations (Charles, 2008). This can be applied to idea of including families in the classroom because teachers need to keep the lines of communication open not only with their students, but with their students’ families. By taking the time to talk to students about situations arising in the classroom, it will be easy for teachers to communicate with parents about similar situations and the lack of motivation within the classroom. When students know that their families are involved in their academics, they are more inclined to succeed in the classroom. Introduce Competition Next, a second way that teachers can help to motivate middle school boys while in the classroom is to include the use of different games and contests. Most boys respond well to competition with their peers. They will force one another to greater speeds, improved accuracy and higher achievement in the name of winning. Boys thrive on competition, so any type of game or activity that allows them to go against a peer in a competitive manner will motivate them to perform. In the following quote, Conti explains why he believes that competitions in the math classroom can spark an interest in math for boys. â€Å"Mathematics competitions are probably the extracurricular academic programs with the widest participation. The most immediate value of these math contests is obvious – they pique students’ interest in mathematics and encourage them to value intellectual pursuits. Boys love games, and many will turn just about any activity into a contest, or in other words, something to get good at. Math contests thus inspire them to become good at mathematics just like sports encourage physical fitness. Eventually, students put aside the games. By then, hopefully an interest in the underlying activity has developed† (Conti, 2001). Teachers should create competitions by having students race against one another to solve math problems or turning a test review into a basketball game, allowing students to shoot a basket for every correct answer. The teacher could also place students in groups and award points based on certain behaviors and completed tasks. A prize would be awarded to the group with the highest score at the end of the week. Jacob Kounin would agree with this point based on his theory of lesson momentum and withitness. Kounin believes that classroom teachers should be able to do a multitude of things at one time, including presenting motivating and engaging lessons, managing the class, and being aware of the classroom surroundings (Charles, 2008). He states that good teachers keep students from getting bored or otherwise frustrated with lessons. By including competition in the form of games and contests in the classroom, the teacher is able to keep the boys motivated with a lesson while still controlling the needs of the class. When boys know they have a chance to show off their skills by winning something, they will immediately become engaged and motivated to participate. Provide Connections to Real-Life Therefore, a third way that middle school math teachers can motivate boys within the classroom is to connect the material to real-life applications. Students, particularly those who come from backgrounds that undervalue education, will benefit from this strategy. Stein (1993) expressed his belief in real-world connections revolving around math lessons by stating â€Å"Because students often feel that mathematics is the subject least relevant to their daily lives, it is an important arena in which teachers can attempt to incorporate students’ funds of knowledge in the context of culturally relevant mathematics instruction†. For middle school boys, school itself is often the least important factor in their lives. Teachers can tap into their focus by relating topics to important interests in their lives. One way for teachers to do that is to use democratic teaching; a theory of Rudolf Dreikurs. Democratic teaching occurs in a classroom in which the teacher and students work together to make decisions about how the class will function (Charles, 2008). This applies to the idea of connecting math with real-world situations. Students want to know how what they are learning will benefit them in their future lives. By brainstorming different topics and careers that the students are interested in, the teacher can then develop lessons that explain how those interests or careers are affected by mathematics. Teachers should show boys how math affects their everyday lives in areas such as: household maintenance, calculating car mileage, budgeting, making larger purchases (cars and houses), or solving problems that are important to them. Connecting math to future careers can also help to motivate boys in math class. Many unmotivated boys do not realize the importance of math for success in college or the role that math plays in careers that are not overtly math-oriented. Stein also claimed that by using problems that interest and excite the students’ curiosity, students are keen to develop important problem-solving strategies. These strategies can be applied in everyday situations, not just in the mathematics classroom. Conclusion The use of meaningful and male-related motivational strategies in middle school mathematics classrooms are a great way to motivate and help boys succeed. Most boys are very intelligent when it comes to numbers and math, however it may seem â€Å"too cool† to get good grades and to apply yourself. Middle school is where students generally begin to find themselves, and a determined teacher can help to motivate students to choose the right path. A teacher’s responsibility is to make sure they have done everything in their power to help their students succeed. This means reaching out to parents, changing lessons to fit the needs of the unmotivated students in the classroom, and changing your classroom management strategies to help engage and excite the students. With little to no parental support or guidance for many boys in the classroom, a male math teacher may be exactly what these boys need. But will these same strategies work with a female math teacher? References: Charles, C. M. (2008). Twentieth-Century Pioneers in Classroom Discipline. Building Classroom Discipline (Ninth Edition). Boston: Pearson. Conti, R. , Collins, M. A. , & Picariello, M. L. (2001). The impact of competition on intrinsic motivation and creativity: Considering gender, gender segregation  and gender role orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(8), 1273- 1289 Grossman, H. (2004). Classroom behavior management for diverse and inclusive schools. (3rd edition). Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. Murdock, T. , Miller, A. (2003). Teachers as Sources of Middle School Students’ Motivational Identity: Variable-Centered and Person-Centered Analytic Approaches. The Elementary School Journal, 103(4), 383-399. Stein, S. L. (1993). Young’s vision. The Mathematics Teacher, 86, 330-333.